This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. Agron., 16: 180-195. . The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. Ethiopia's economy is based on agriculture, which accounts for 46% of GDP and 85% of total employment. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. ", Tables D.4 D.7. [19][20], Sorghum, millet, and corn are cultivated mostly in warmer areas at lower altitudes along the country's western, southwestern, and eastern peripheries. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. 2. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Trade. About three-quarters of the total sheep flock is in the highlands, whereas lowland pastoralists maintain about three-quarters of the goat herd. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. This can be attributed to two factors. Except in Tigray region, the pilot agro-industrial parks have launched operations. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Cookies on OCLC websites. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. <i>Objective</i>. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. 1401 Constitution Ave NW Agricultural products account for . Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. Abstract and Figures. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. [5] Ethiopia's livestock population is believed to be the largest in Africa, and in 20062007 livestock accounted for 10.6% of Ethiopia's export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. The study aimed to characterize the reproductive performances and physical characteristics of Blackhead Somali indigenous sheep breeds. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. Peasant associations used 361 nurseries to plant 11,000 hectares of land in community forest. According to CSA (2015) report, cereals . Ethiopia's major industries include agriculture, construction, manufacturing, resources and . For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. In addition, some of Ethiopias cash crops show potential for growth and offer possible investment opportunities in areas such as coffee, oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetables, honey, cut flowers, tea, and spices. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. The pilot areas selected for establishment of the Agro-Industrial Parks are mainly based on the potential of existing agricultural resources and allied sectors, infrastructure, and facilities. 2. Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . Nonetheless, agricultural output rose by an estimated 3 percent in 199091, almost certainly in response to the relaxation of government regulation. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. "National Statistical Abstract. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. 133 8.5.2. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. This is a best prospect for Ethiopia. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. "Agriculture" (and subsections). . The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Download. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. "Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2010 to 2020", "Agriculture in Ethiopia: data shows for a large part Agriculture still retained its majority share of the economy", "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Selected Issues Series", "National Statistical Abstract. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. [7] fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave1, 2011-2012. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Advanced Search Citation Search . Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. State farms sold their output to the AMC. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production.